Best Electric Garage Heater 120V for 2023: Top 15 Picks

Sometimes it might be quite difficult to find the best electric garage heater 120v. With every niche market offering so many different products, it makes sense that this is the case.

Unfortunately, this very fact can make it incredibly difficult to find the item that best suits your needs, which is why we’ve put together this electric garage heater 120v buying guide.

We Recommend:

#PreviewProduct
1 Heat Storm HS-1500-PHX-WIFI Infrared Heater, Wifi Wall Mounted Heat Storm HS-1500-PHX-WIFI Infrared Heater, Wifi Wall Mounted
2 Dr Infrared Heater DR-238 Carbon Infrared Outdoor Heater for Restaurant, Patio, Backyard, Garage, and Decks, Standard, Black Dr Infrared Heater DR-238 Carbon Infrared Outdoor Heater for Restaurant, Patio, Backyard, Garage,...
3 2 Packs -Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Heaters with Halogen Light, 90° Rotation, 5 Mode Settings, Space Heater for Garage, Shop, Large Room and Patio 2 Packs -Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Heaters with...
4 NewAir NGH160GA00, 120V Electric Portable Garage Heater, Heats Up to 160 Square Feet, Garge, Black and Gray NewAir NGH160GA00, 120V Electric Portable Garage Heater, Heats Up to 160 Square Feet, Garge, Black...
5 TEMPWARE Electric Garage Heater, 5000-Watt Ceiling Mount Shop Heater with 3 Heat Levels, 240-Volt Hardwired Fan-Forced Industrial Heater, Ideal for Workshop TEMPWARE Electric Garage Heater, 5000-Watt Ceiling Mount Shop Heater with 3 Heat Levels, 240-Volt...
6 AEscod Space Heater, Upgrade 1500W Portable Electric Heater with 3 Modes, Overheat Protection, 90° Adjustable Angle, Garage, Indoor Use AEscod Space Heater, Upgrade 1500W Portable Electric Heater with 3 Modes, Overheat Protection, 90°...
7 HeTR Portable Space Heater 1500 Watt Forced Air Heater with Ceramic Heater Element and Overheat Protection for Office Home Garage Workshop, ETL Listed Red HeTR Portable Space Heater 1500 Watt Forced Air Heater with Ceramic Heater Element and Overheat...
8 Newair Portable Electric Garage Heater, 120V Electric Garage Heater Can Heat up to 170 sq. ft with Adjustable Tilt Head | Ideal for Garage and Workspaces | NGH170GA00 Newair Portable Electric Garage Heater, 120V Electric Garage Heater Can Heat up to 170 sq. ft with...
9 KEN BROWN 7500W Digital Fan Forced Ceiling Mount Heater, Electric Garage Heater with Full-Function Remote, Digital Thermostat and 8-Hour Timer for Garage, Shop, Workshop, Warehouse or Storage Area KEN BROWN 7500W Digital Fan Forced Ceiling Mount Heater, Electric Garage Heater with Full-Function...
10 Comfort Zone CZ220 5,000-Watt, 240v Hard Wired Fan-Forced Ceiling Mount Heater with Dual Knob Controls and Safety Overheat Protection, ETL Compliant, Grey Comfort Zone CZ220 5,000-Watt, 240v Hard Wired Fan-Forced Ceiling Mount Heater with Dual Knob...
11 Dura Heat EUH1465 Electric Forced Air Heater with Pivoting Base 5,120 BTU Dura Heat EUH1465 Electric Forced Air Heater with Pivoting Base 5,120 BTU
12 FLAMEMORE Electric Patio Heater, 1500W Wall-Mounted Infrared Heater with Remote Control, 12H Timer, Super Quiet Outdoor Patio Heater for Garage Balcony, Silver FLAMEMORE Electric Patio Heater, 1500W Wall-Mounted Infrared Heater with Remote Control, 12H Timer,...
13 Garage Heater, 1500W Outdoor Heaters for Patio, Telescopic Radiant Infrared Heater w/3 Speeds, Fast Heating 270 Sq.Ft, Electric Patio Heater w/Tip-Over & Overheating Protection for Indoor Pet Use Garage Heater, 1500W Outdoor Heaters for Patio, Telescopic Radiant Infrared Heater w/3 Speeds, Fast...
14 KEY TEK Wall-Mounted Electric Infrared Heater Indoor/Outdoor Heater for Garage Backyard Wall Patio Heater Waterproof with Remote Control Golden Tube for Fast Heating, Silver KEY TEK Wall-Mounted Electric Infrared Heater Indoor/Outdoor Heater for Garage Backyard Wall Patio...
15 Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Quartz Heater Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Quartz Heater

Best Electric Garage Heater 120V Reviews:

SaleBestseller No. 1
Heat Storm HS-1500-PHX-WIFI Infrared Heater, Wifi Wall Mounted
  • (Wall Mounted Heater Only.) Wi-Fi enabled makes it possible for you to control the temperature from your phone!
  • Safe to the touch grill. 1500 watts of power
  • Space saving wall mount design means you don't lose floor space. Perfect for bedrooms, kitchens, offices and more
  • When installed over the outlet, you can hide the cord inside the heater. This unit stays cool to the touch and the wall stays cool.
  • Safe to the touch grill. Wall mounted version, Feet not included.
SaleBestseller No. 2
Dr Infrared Heater DR-238 Carbon Infrared Outdoor Heater for Restaurant, Patio, Backyard, Garage, and Decks, Standard, Black
  • INDOOR and OUTDOOR HEATER - Heater is IP55 approved for both indoor and outdoor use - perfect for home, backyard, garages, open-air restaurant, outdoor patio or deck. Create a comfortable environment for both your indoor activities and outdoor recreation.
  • CLEAN and INSTANT HEAT - Clean, instant and odorless Infrared heat with 3 power settings, 900W, 1200W, 1500W. 120V, 60Hz.
  • PLUG and GO - uses standard 120V, remote controlled
  • WALL and CEILING MOUNTED - Included wall and Ceiling mounting bracket
  • EFFICIENT - High level Mirror aluminum reflector with 90% reflectivity, and special design to fit the carbon lamp to bring strong heating efficiency. Made with durable and weather proof aluminum, ETL Listed.
Bestseller No. 3
2 Packs -Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Heaters with Halogen Light, 90° Rotation, 5 Mode Settings, Space Heater for Garage, Shop, Large Room and Patio
  • ☀️【Radiant Quartz Heater】This practical radiant heater quickly and thoroughly warms the people and objects in front of it. Dual quartz tubes turn on instantly and give off a warm glow when in use, perfect for workshops, garages and commercial.
  • ☀️【Come with Halogen Work Light】The ceiling mount heater with halogen light provides sufficient visibility even late at night, allowing you to see the items on the workbench more clearly.
  • ☀️【Adjustable Heating Angle】The 90° free adjustment shop heater helps to correctly distribute the heated air to the areas where it is most needed. Besides, this electric garage heater is designed to mount on the ceiling, which saves valuable floor space in your crowded garage space.
  • ☀️【5 Mode Settings & Large Size】5 modes, Pull string switch. Ⅰ: Low heat (750W ); Ⅱ: High heat (1500W); Ⅲ&Ⅳ: 750/1,500W sun-like heat with work light; Ⅴ: Turn off the radiant garage heater.
  • ☀️【Multiple Safety Features】1.Overheat auto-off, avoid accidents; 2. 120 volt garage heater with 3-prong grounded safety plug; 3. Metal housing provides enhanced safety; 4.ETL Listed.
SaleBestseller No. 4
NewAir NGH160GA00, 120V Electric Portable Garage Heater, Heats Up to 160 Square Feet, Garge, Black and Gray
  • SAFETY - Cool to the touch with internal thermostat and automatic shut-off to prevent overheating.
  • PORTABLE - Adjustable temperature control with 2 heat modes, tilting head, and easy carry handle.
  • FAST HEAT - Ceramic heating plate and power of 200 CFM fan delivers a steady stream of warm air.
  • QUALITY - Built to last with a rugged shell that stands up to tough conditions in any workspace
  • PLUG TYPE - This portable heater's 120-volt plug can be used in any standard outlet.
Bestseller No. 5
TEMPWARE Electric Garage Heater, 5000-Watt Ceiling Mount Shop Heater with 3 Heat Levels, 240-Volt Hardwired Fan-Forced Industrial Heater, Ideal for Workshop
  • Adjustable Angle & 3 Heat Settings: This garage heater has adjustable louvers and variable mounting angle to direct the air output. Its maximum BTUs of 17,060 is powerful enough to heat a large area up to 592 square feet. Power ranges from low to high, 3,000 watts, 4,000 watts, and 5,000 watts to meet your different needs
  • Space Saving Design: This is an ideal compact garage heater with almost industrial-strength power. It can be stably placed on the ground or mounted on a wall or ceiling, which is very suitable for factories,workshops and warehouses to save precious space
  • Safe & Sturdy Structure: Our electric garage heater is made of heavy-duty steel material, which is very strong and durable, and has a long service life. In addition, the heater for workshop is ETL certified to ensure your safe use
  • Thermostat & Overheat Protection: Our garage heater is equipped with a built-in thermostat. You can adjust the thermostat to suit your needs and preferences (from 45°F to 95°F). And a built-in sensor switches the device off automatically if it overheats
  • Hardwired Installation: You will need an electrician to do this safely. The garage heater must be grounded and hardwired to a properly sized current protection circuit breaker in accordance with the (US) National Electric Code and local codes
SaleBestseller No. 6
AEscod Space Heater, Upgrade 1500W Portable Electric Heater with 3 Modes, Overheat Protection, 90° Adjustable Angle, Garage, Indoor Use
  • Rapid Heating: Design with PTC ceramic heating tech and a high-speed fan, 3 seconds send evenly heated streams of hot air into your room efficiently. Input voltage of 110-125V
  • Space Heater: 3 modes to choose from - High Heat (1500w) / Low Heat (750w) / Natural Wind. Just turn the switch to your desired heat setting and enjoy comfortable heat
  • Safe Space Heater: Built-in high-temperature protection, which automatically shuts down when the heater overheats, avoiding any fire hazard
  • Multifunction: The electric heater has a 90 ° adjustable angle, a convenient handle, the base needs to be assembled, and the line is 5 feet long, which is very suitable for indoor and garage
  • 100% Satisfied After-Sales Service. We not only provide you with high-quality products but also provide 24-hour prompt after-sales service. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us
SaleBestseller No. 7
HeTR Portable Space Heater 1500 Watt Forced Air Heater with Ceramic Heater Element and Overheat Protection for Office Home Garage Workshop, ETL Listed Red
  • READY TO USE - Ready to Use Right Away! Snap in the Legs and Plug it in! Need a ceramic space heater for your kitchen, home, or office? This ceramic space heater will do the trick.
  • LONG LASTING QUALITY - Durable Powder Coat Finish for Long Lasting Luster and Ceramic Heating Element with Fantastic Lifespan
  • RELIABLE, SAFE, DEPENDABLE - This portable heater is ETL Listed with Overheat Protection and Limited 1-Year from Texas Based Manufacturer. No cheap, dangerous goods. This portable space heater is perfect for any home or office area.
  • QUALITY FIRST - Buy Quality and Safety Worry Free! 110v / 60Hz and 5120 BTU - Heat Production with the Ease of Electricity
  • PORTABLE HEAT - Lightweight and Portable - This Unit is Easy to Move and Easy to Operate with a 1 year Limited . Space heaters are sometimes clunky and hard to move. This electric, portable space heater uses a standard 110V plug. Use it anywhere, heat anywhere, instantly.
SaleBestseller No. 8
Newair Portable Electric Garage Heater, 120V Electric Garage Heater Can Heat up to 170 sq. ft with Adjustable Tilt Head | Ideal for Garage and Workspaces | NGH170GA00
  • PERFECT FOR HEATING GARAGES AND SMALL SPACES - The NewAir portable garage heater comes ready to work straight out of the box: take it out and plug it into any standard 120V outlet. Built with your convenience in mind, this garage heater comes with an easy-grip handle, stable and sturdy feet, an adjustable tilt head, and a lightweight build to give you added heat anywhere in your garage or worksite.
  • DURABLE CONSTRUCTION BUILT TO LAST IN TOUGH CONDITIONS - The NewAir portable garage heater is built with durable stainless-steel coils—a high-quality heating solution that withstands dust, debris, and mildew, and can last against long-term use in rugged workspaces.
  • A PERSONAL HEATER THAT PACKS A POWERFUL PUNCH - The easy-flow wind bracket efficiently directs fan forced air through the heating coils, sending evenly heated streams of hot air into your garage or workspace. With 116 CFM of fan forced power, this master spot heater packs a punch in areas that are up to 170 square feet of spac
  • STAY SAFE AND PROTECTED WHILE YOU WORK - The high-temperature protection feature removes the risk of overheating for peace of mind while you work in your garage, barn, or workshop. Cool-touch housing lets you move your personal spot heater with ease and without the risk of accidental burns, even after it has been fully operation on high heat.
  • SMART SAFETY FEATURES - This garage heater has an internal thermostat and automatic shut-off function that prevent overheating. The exterior housing is also designed to stay cool to the touch, preventing any opportunities for accidental burns.
Bestseller No. 9
KEN BROWN 7500W Digital Fan Forced Ceiling Mount Heater, Electric Garage Heater with Full-Function Remote, Digital Thermostat and 8-Hour Timer for Garage, Shop, Workshop, Warehouse or Storage Area
  • REMOTE CONTROL & BUILT-IN TIMER: Allows you to adjust the garage heater's temperature, 2 heat settings, 8-hour timer from a distance. Remote cover range is 8 meters.
  • SPACE-SAVING DESIGN: The electric garage heater is designed for ceiling mounting and hard-wired installation, which saves valuable floor space in a packed warehouse, garage, shop or storage area. Power cord not included in the unit, it requires a hardwired connection (240 Volt A.C.) for installation.
  • DURABLE STEEL CONSTRUCTION: The body of the electric shop heater is crafted from heavy gauge steel, which stands up well to the temperature fluctuations in areas that are poorly insulated.
  • TARGETED HEATING: Electric garage heater includes adjustable mounting bracket for optimized positioning. Louvers and a variable mounting angle direct airflow where it is needed most, while the fan-forced design helps to distribute it throughout the room.
  • BUILT-IN THERMOSTAT & ETL CERTIFIED: A built-in digital thermostat allows you to adjust the temperature to your space, range 10℃ --35℃(50℉--95℉). The overheat protection sensor detects when the ceiling heater has overheated on the inside and switches it off automatically to help prevent damage to the unit.
SaleBestseller No. 10
Comfort Zone CZ220 5,000-Watt, 240v Hard Wired Fan-Forced Ceiling Mount Heater with Dual Knob Controls and Safety Overheat Protection, ETL Compliant, Grey
  • ☀️SPACE-SAVING DESIGN: The fan-forced heater is designed for ceiling mounting and hard-wired installation, which saves valuable floor space in a packed warehouse, garage or storage area.
  • ☀️DURABLE STEEL CONSTRUCTION: The body of the commercial heater is crafted from heavy gauge steel, which stands up well to the temperature fluctuations in areas that are poorly insulated.
  • ☀️TARGETED HEATING: Louvers and a variable mounting angle direct airflow where it is needed most, while the fan-forced design helps to distribute it throughout the room.
  • ☀️CONVENIENT CONTROLS: The dual knob thermostat allows you to easily adjust the temperature to just the right level for your space and to turn the ceiling mount heater on and off quickly.
  • ☀️SMART SAFETY FEATURES: A built-in sensor switches the device off automatically if it overheats, while a power indicator light ensures that you know when the unit is in use.
SaleBestseller No. 11
Dura Heat EUH1465 Electric Forced Air Heater with Pivoting Base 5,120 BTU
  • High efficiency PTC ceramic element provides 5,120 BTUs
  • Rugged steel construction
  • 6 ft. power cord with polarized plug
  • Overheat shut-off
  • Adjustable stand allows directional adjustments
SaleBestseller No. 12
FLAMEMORE Electric Patio Heater, 1500W Wall-Mounted Infrared Heater with Remote Control, 12H Timer, Super Quiet Outdoor Patio Heater for Garage Balcony, Silver
  • [Infrared Technology & Fast Heating]- This wall mount heater adopts advanced infrared radiation heating tech with a carbon fiber tube. Just need 3 seconds. You will feel comfortably warm in cold winter. The outside heater transfers heat precisely to people or objects, improving blood circulation and relieving fatigue.
  • [3 Heating Power]- The outdoor heater has 3 heating power: 750W, 1000W and 1500W. You can choose different heating power in scenes such as balcony, terrace, garage, office and restaurant. The patio heater is water-proof and dust-proof at IP43 level, so you can use it safely in outdoor environments.
  • [Quiet & 12H Timer]- The electric garage heater does not use a fan, so it will not make any noise when heating. The silent feature combined with 1-24 hour timing function provides a warm and nice sleeping environment for you.
  • [Safe & IP 65 Waterproof] Patio space heater has overheat protection function. When the heater is overheated, it will automatically cut off the power supply to provide you with the best protection. The heater is also waterproof and can work well on rainy days.
  • [Easy to Operate & Simple Assembly]- FLAMEMORE wall-mounted electric heater is easy to install and use. You can operate the patio electric heater through the remote control or panel. This infrared wall heater can be mounted on the wall easily in only 4 steps and can be adjusted 45 degrees(up and down) during installation to set an ideal radiation direction.
Bestseller No. 13
Garage Heater, 1500W Outdoor Heaters for Patio, Telescopic Radiant Infrared Heater w/3 Speeds, Fast Heating 270 Sq.Ft, Electric Patio Heater w/Tip-Over & Overheating Protection for Indoor Pet Use
  • ☀【3S Fast Heating- UP to 374℉】Infrared outdoor heaters produce heat that is similar to SUNSHINE in the chilly winter. Silent operation and full heat output within Seconds. This electric garage heater generates 1500W of heat the temperature can be up to 374 ℉.
  • ☀【Easy to Operate w/3 Levels】Simply operate with one pull cord to control the heat, the power can be up to 3 levels-500W/1000W/1500W, which will meet your different needs in chilly winter. Even if the electric patio heater is easily used by the elderly.
  • ☀【Telescoping Patio Heater & Heating Angle】Featured with a telescopic rod bracket that you can adjust the height as your will, 15 inches MAX adjustable. 45°heating angle can distribute warmth effectively as your need.
  • ☀【Reliable Safety Protections】Packaged with a sturdy weighted base to increase durability and stability, which efficiently prevents heater dumping. But you still do not need to worry once the heater is dumped. The outdoor heater also features Tip-over protection as well as automatic Overheat protection. It will automatically shut off when radiant heaters for indoor use is tipped down.
  • ☀【Easily Assembly】The Assembly of the garage heater is very simple, it can be done even without the instruction manual. Featured with easy assembly and disassembly, which is convenient for you to store and transport. This is the perfect way to easily bring the heat where ever you go.
SaleBestseller No. 14
KEY TEK Wall-Mounted Electric Infrared Heater Indoor/Outdoor Heater for Garage Backyard Wall Patio Heater Waterproof with Remote Control Golden Tube for Fast Heating, Silver
  • FAST HEATING: Patio heater has high heating efficiency and fast heating speed with advanced infrared technology. It has a high power of 1500w and can provide rapid and efficient heating for indoor or outdoor which needs constant heat in the winter.
  • CONVENIENT ASSEMBLING: wall-mounted heater package includes mounting hardware which makes it easy to install or relocate, especially with installation video. And it can adjust the mounting angle from 0℃-90℃.
  • 3 HEATING MODES: This heater has 3 working gears (500W/1000W/1500W). You can adjust to a comfortable temperature as needed to dissipate the cold around you.
  • EASY OPERATION: electric heater has a switch on the right side. Open when shows yellow light and close when shows red. Meanwhile, the outdoor heater with smart remote control offers great convenience and highly improves your life quality.
  • 1 YEAR WARRANTY: there are no replaceable parts inside the heater, so when your product has any quality problems, we will provide you with a brand new product.
Bestseller No. 15
Electric Garage Heaters for Indoor Use, 1500W/750W Ceiling Mounted Radiant Quartz Heater
  • 【Radiant Quartz Heater】Quickly and thoroughly warms the people and objects in front of this electric garage heater. The dual quartz heating element is long-lasting and quite durable for workshops, garages, patios, shops, and commercials in cold winter.
  • 【5 Mode Settings】Ceiling Heater contains Quartz heating elements, halogen lights and a pull cord for ease of use. Ⅰ: Low heat (750W ); Ⅱ: High heat (1500W); Ⅲ: 750W heat, halogen light on; Ⅳ: 1500W heat, halogen light on; Ⅴ: Turn off the heater and work light.
  • 【Multiple Safety Features】1.Overheat auto-off, to avoid accidents; 2.With a 3-prong grounded safety plug; 3. Metal housing provides enhanced safety; 4. ETL Listed. [WARNING] This unit is intended for use ONLY as a ceiling-mounted heater. Mounting on a wall or sloping surfaces such as a roof is a risk of fire due to possible overheating of the unit or igniting nearby combustible materials.
  • 【Adjustable Heating Angle】With 90° free adjustment angle, the electric heaters help to correctly distribute the heat to the areas where it is most needed. Besides, the electric heaters for indoor use are designed to mount on the ceiling, which saves valuable floor and desk space in your crowded garage space.
  • 【The Shinic Customer Service】The Shinic Customer Service Department are here to help you with any After-sales issues. Once you receive the product, please check the appearance of the product immediately and test the product to see if the heater functions properly. If you are not satisfied with the product in any way, please contact our customer service team immediately and we'll be happy to help! We guarantee that any questions you may have will be answered within 0-12 hours.

Last update on 2023-06-07 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

How to find the best electric garage heater 120v?

Here, we’ll be going over a number of factors that you can use to ensure that you’re purchasing the best electric garage heater 120v for you.

Regardless of which type of item you’re looking to buy, chances are that there are existing buying guides on the internet, all of which aim to give you good electric garage heater 120v recommendations.

Despite these recommendations, however, it’s always a good idea to do your own research. In addition to this research, asking yourself the following questions is also super helpful:

  • What features does the electric garage heater 120v need to have to be perfect for my needs?
  • What is my budget?
  • Do I need to purchase a certain brand?

Once you’ve answered these questions and have a good idea of what you’re looking for and the buying process becomes much easier. Keep in mind that when looking for the best product, there’s no need to rush. In fact, very rarely are the ideal products found by choosing the first one you see or by basing your decisions on only one factor. Take your time and enjoy the process!

Now, with the answers to the previous questions in mind, we urge you to use our upcoming buying guide for electric garage heater 120v to find what you’re looking for:

Brand

In some cases, the brand of electric garage heater 120v is very important. For example, if you’re looking for an item that works in tandem with another, you might very well need both products to be the same brand. If this is the case, it’s vital to pay attention to this factor, as choosing the wrong product can mean the difference between wasting your money and buying a great product that functions as it should.

Features

The features in any given electric garage heater 120v are important because they can dictate which version of an item you need and how much money you need to spend. Consider all the key features that you want your item to have and don’t settle for anything that doesn’t check at least ¾ of your boxes.

Reviews

Customer reviews about electric garage heater 120v are crucial – especially when you’re buying a product that costs a lot of money or serves a big importance. Luckily, most products can be found online, which means that it’s common for there to be scores of customer reviews from those who have already purchased any given product.

Pay attention to these reviews. Take note of the pros and cons that they mention, and factor these into your big decision. In some cases, you’ll be forced to sacrifice one con in order to gain a particular pro, but being aware of the potential con is going to be beneficial in either case.

Quality

Of course, quality is key. You don’t want to purchase a low-quality product. If you do, you run the risk of your item breaking, not working properly, or otherwise proving to be very disappointing, as well as a waste of money.

You can compare electric garage heater 120v quality by researching what your potential purchases are made from, contrasting the individual items against each other to discern which one is made of the best materials.

Warranty

Warranty isn’t always going to be important, but it definitely can be. This is especially true if the item in question is tech-related or expensive. A good warranty will be valid for an extended time after purchase and cover a variety of problems ranging from item defects to random accidents, water damage, and other miscellaneous events that could ruin your product.

Conclusion

The quest to find the best electric garage heater 120v can be daunting – but it doesn’t have to be. It can be made much easier by asking yourself a few simple questions and then thinking critically about the items you want to buy. Consider their features, quality, brand, warranty, and customer reviews and you’re more likely to make a great purchase.